any kind or variety. (pp. 23­4)

A fixed point of view becomes possible with print and ends the 
image as a plastic organism.

*     Ivins is right in pointing to the interplay among many 
factors in this way. But the technology and social effects of 
typography incline us to abstain from noting interplay and, as 
it were, “formal” causality, both in our inner and external lives. 
Print exists by virtue of the static separation of functions and 
fosters a mentality that gradually resists any but a separative 
and compartmentalizing or specialist outlook. As Gyorgy Kepes 
explains in The Language of Vision  (p 200):

     Literary imitation of nature tied to a fixed point of 
     observation had killed the image as a plastic organism . . .